Adoration of the Shepherds
Francesco Cozza
Piazza della Rotonda
The Pantheon
Rome Italy
2016

http://www.digital-images.net/Gallery/Scenic/Rome/Scenery/Pantheon/pantheon.html

A pupil of Domenichino (Pascoli), Cozza did not follow the ‘modern’ Baroque trends sweeping through the Roman style of painting, preferring a classical style based on those of his teacher and Annibale Carracci (especially his landscapes with small figures).


Upon entry, visitors are greeted by an enormous rounded room covered by the dome. The oculus at the top of the dome was never covered, allowing rainfall through the ceiling and onto the floor. Because of this, the interior floor is equipped with drains and has been built with an incline of about 30 centimetres (12 in) to promote water runoff.

The interior of the dome was possibly intended to symbolize the arched vault of the heavens. The oculus at the dome's apex and the entry door are the only natural sources of light in the interior. Throughout the day, light from the oculus moves around this space in a reverse sundial effect: marking time with light rather than shadow. The oculus also offers cooling and ventilation; during storms, a drainage system below the floor handles rain falling through the oculus.

The dome features sunken panels (coffers), in five rings of 28. This evenly spaced layout was difficult to achieve and, it is presumed, had symbolic meaning, either numerical, geometric, or lunar. In antiquity, the coffers may have contained bronze rosettes symbolising the starry firmament.

Circles and squares form the unifying theme of the interior design. The checkerboard floor pattern contrasts with the concentric circles of square coffers in the dome. Each zone of the interior, from floor to ceiling, is subdivided according to a different scheme. As a result, the interior decorative zones do not line up. The overall effect is immediate viewer orientation according to the major axis of the building, even though the cylindrical space topped by a hemispherical dome is inherently ambiguous. This discordance has not always been appreciated, and the attic level was redone according to Neoclassical taste in the 18th century.


The history of Pantheon
The Pantheon has represented the greatest expression of the glory of Rome for more than two thousand years. The story of the Pantheon is inseparably tied to the Eternal City. and been its image through the centuries.

Built by Agrippa between 25 and 27 BC the Pantheon was a temple dedicated to the twelve Gods and to the living Sovran. Traditionally it is believed that the present building is result of the radical reconstruction by Hadrian between 118 and 125 AD. It is the only ancient Roman building that has remained practically intact through the centuries. In 608 Pope Boniface IV had the remains of many martyrs removed from the Christian catacombs and placed in the Pantheon.

Thereafter the temple was officially converted to Christianity and named Saint Maria ad Martyres. The Pantheon was an inspiration to Raphael, one of the greatest architects of the Renaissance, and he requested it be his place of eternal rest.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome

The Pantheon is a former Roman temple, now a church, in Rome, Italy, on the site of an earlier temple commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus.

The Piazza della Rotonda is a piazza in Rome, Italy, on the south side of which is located the Pantheon. The square gets its name from the Pantheon's informal title as the church of Santa Maria Rotonda.

Piazza della Rotonda is the square right outside the Pantheon. As the Pantheon’s informal name is the church of Santa Maria Rotonda, that’s how the piazza gets the name.

The piazza is not always like the way we see today. The fountain wasn’t built until 1575 and the obelisk was added to it in 1711 under Pope Clement XI.

The square was full of shops and sheds at one point. In the 19th century, the piazza was famous for being a bird market, along side were flower, fruit, vegetables and cake stalls. It’s certainly a busy and hectic market, as described by various travellers and tourist guidebook at the time.

The area was in danger when Napoleon called for demolition of the buildings around the Pantheon during his rule. Luckily it was never implemented because of the short span of the French rule (1809-1814). There were only a few buildings being demolished in order to enlarge the piazza at a later period.

The Fountain and Obelisk
As we know fountains in Rome is the source of drinking water to the public. One of the old aqueducts Aqua Virgo had failed to work so repairing and reconstruction took place. In 1453, the Aqua Vergine was constructed. But it’s not until 1570 when Giacomo della Porta was commissioned to launch a big project to extend the distribution of water by constructing 18 new fountains in the area. The Fontana del Pantheon is one of the 18 fountains and it was finished in 1575.

The obelisk was one of a pair of obelisks originally from the Temple of Ra in Heliopolis. One was placed in the Piaaza di San Macuto about 200 meters east of the Pantheon and the other one is still in the Piazza della Minerva (round the back of the Pantheon) erected on the elephant base. In 1711, sculptor Filippo Barigioni was asked to move the obelisk from Piaaza di San Macuto to the current position. That’s why the obelisk is still called Obelisco Macutèo.



Inside the Pantheon ~ Three of them are tombs : one the final resting place of the great artist Raphael, the other two are Kings of the unified Italy, including Vittorio Emanuele, known as the 'Father of the Nation', whose tomb is often guarded by a volunteer.